Limitations of Legislative Control :

Limitations of Legislative Control :

Though the general assembly lays down the overall policy of the govt. by enactment, change of laws, it's been determined that in follow this responsibility is shifted to the manager branch. The executives usually take initiative in politics during which civil servants play a decisive role. In majority of the cases even the bills of legislation originate from the manager branch and also the forms.

• The work of the executive branch has raised in volume and quality. The members of the parliament World Health Organization meet solely throughout the session don't have the required time and experience to regulate the increasing body work.

• Members of the Parliament typically don't possess the desired technical data of the assorted departments and thus cannot effectively criticize the operating of the department and their demands for grants.

• within the parliamentary type of government the executive officers don't seem to be directly accountable to the general assembly. they can not be known as before the House to provide rationalization of their official acts.

Though they'll be known as by the Committees of Parliament they're not obligated to answer personal criticism. it's the Minister World Health Organization shoulders the responsibility for the executive acts of his department. directors so ar solely indirectly accountable to the general assembly.

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The means of legislative control :

The opportunity to exercise management over the administration assumes many forms like queries, resolutions, Zero-Hour Discussions, Adjournment Motions, Vote of Censure, Budget and therefore the Parliamentary Committees. These varied suggests that square measure mentioned below.

The President’s Speech : Every new session of the parliament disclose with the speech of the President. The President in his speech spells out the broader policies and activities of executives within the foreseeing future. the primary four days of each session ar put aside for the overall discussion on the speech. The members of the parliament hold discussions on the Presidential speech that provide them the chance to criticize the manager action.

Discussion on Budget: The parliament once a year sanctions the funds for the expenditure of the chief. when the budget is given by the government minister within the Parliament the overall discussion on the budget takes place. within the method of enactment of the budget each department puts forth the stress for grants and for the approval of the Parliament. At this stage the members of Parliament get the chance to debate and judge the affairs of the administration of assorted departments. The members of the opposition can even move cut motions to specific their annoyance with the operating of the administration at this stage. therefore the discussion on the finance bill provides the members of Parliament a chance to debate the complete administration.

Question Hour :

It is a very powerful technique of legislative control over administration. During the session of the Parliament, every parliamentary day starts with the question hour. The first hour of the day is reserved for questions. The purpose of the question hour is to elicit information or clarification on the matters pertaining to public interest. The members of the Parliament address written questions to the government. On an average thirty questions are asked. If the members of parliament are not satisfied with the answers they can ask supplementary questions. In practice the actual purpose of the question hour is to draw public attention to the failure and abuse of authority by the government or to address the public grievances.

Adjournment Motions :

To draw the attention of the government to the questions of urgent nature and of public importance such as flood, earthquake etc. The device of adjournment motion is used. If the moving of adjournment motion is permitted by the presiding officer then the normal business of the House is suspended for the day and the immediate debate takes place. During the debate and the discussion on the adjournment motion the members of parliament get an opportunity to criticize the administration. Adjournment Motion is the tool of dayto- day control.

Censure Motion:

This means the Vote of No-Confidence. The members of the Parliament have the right to move the Vote of No-confidence in order to express the total disapproval of the policy of the government or the part of it. In case of an adverse vote the government has to resign.

Debates on the legislation:

The bill of law passes through various stages before the enactment. The various readings of the Bill provide an opportunity to the members of Parliament to criticize the entire policy underlying the bill.

Parliamentary committees:

The Parliamentary committees act as a tool of effective control over the administration. The financial committees of the Parliament such as Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee ‘and the Committee on Public Undertakings exercise detail and substantial control over the financial matters. The Committee on Assurances reports on as to what extent the assurances given by the ministers on the floor of the House are implemented in a specified time limit required for the purpose. Such enquiry makes ministers more responsible and careful and administration to take quick action on the given promises.

Audit :

The office of Comptroller and Auditor General audits all the government accounts to ensure that the money granted by the Parliament have been used for the stated purpose and the amount has not exceeded without sanction of the supplementary grant by the parliament and the expenditure confirms to the rules. The reports regarding the same are submitted by the CAG to the Parliament.

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THE LEGISLATIVE CONTROL OVER ADMINISTRATION

In India the legislature, the representative body of the people exercises control over the administration. The administration cannot act contrary to the guidelines laid down by the legislature. It lays down the broader policy of administration. The legislature not only defines the functions of the government but also provides the finance for its various programmes. The control over financial matters is exercised through the various committees established by the legislature. The administration cannot spend a single rupee without the sanction of legislature. The administration is expected to keep the accurate account of all financial transactions and submit the reports of such transactions to the legislature.

The legislature also deals with the matter related with public personnel. The manner of recruitment of the public personnel, their number, their duties and powers, their service conditions, rules of procedure, code of conduct etc. are determined by the legislature. The failure to adhere to those rules accounts for the disciplinary action against the administration. Further the public personnel are held responsible for their official acts. They are supposed to keep the proper records of their official acts and submit the reports to the legislature at least once a year, when called upon by the legislature giving a full account of their acts. The legislature may also conduct the special investigation or inquiry of the manner in which administrative affairs have been conducted. The legislature has the general power of direction, supervision and control over administration.

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Accountability of Public Administration;

Transparency and accountability are often talked about in the context of administration in general and civil services reforms in particular. Accountability of public administration implies that for every action and inaction in government and its consequences there is a civil servant responsible and accountable to the government, the society and the people. Political accountability implies an established legal framework based on the rule of law and independence of judiciary to protect human rights, secure social justice and guard against exploitation and abuse of power. On the other hand Bureaucratic accountability ensures a system to monitor and control the performance of government offices and officials in relation to quality of service, inefficiency and abuse of discretionary powers. The phenomenal increase in the functions of the government leads to the expansion in the powers and functions of public administration. Power in a democratic society needs to be controlled and greater the power, the greater is the need for the control as the grant of power carries with it the possibility of misuse of power. The major dilemma before the governments of the day is to vest the sufficient power to serve the purpose in the view, but at the same time to maintain adequate control. The need for effective control of administration thus is obvious.

Check your Progress:

• Explain the code of Ethics for public administrators.

• What is meant by accountability of public administration?

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ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

The American Society of Public Administration (ASPA) has laid down the code of Ethics for Public Administrators.

1. The public servants should put the public interest above the self interest and subordinate institutional loyalties to the public good. They are committed to exercise discretionary authority to promote the public interest. Accordingly they should oppose all forms of discrimination and harassment, and promote affirmative action. They should recognize and support the public's right to know the public's business and involve citizens in policy decision-making. The public servants should encourage the people to participate actively in the affairs of the government.

2. It is the duty of the public servants to respect the Constitution and the Law that define responsibilities of public agencies, employees, and all citizens and promote constitutional principles of equality, fairness, representatives, responsiveness and due process in protecting citizens' rights. They should understand and apply legislation and regulations relevant to their professional role and eliminate unlawful discrimination. It is also expected that they should work to improve and change laws and policies that are counterproductive or obsolete. It is their responsibility to prevent all forms of mismanagement of public funds by establishing and maintaining strong fiscal and management controls, and by supporting audits and investigative activities.

3. The public servants are committed to perform their duties honestly and should not compromise them for advancement, honor, or personal gain. They should conduct official acts without favoritism and ensure that others receive credit for their work and contributions.

4. The public officials should make every effort to strengthen organizational capabilities to apply ethics, efficiency and effectiveness in serving the public. For the purpose the organizations should adopt distribute, and periodically review a code of ethics as a living document. They should work to enhance organizational capacity for open communication, creativity, and dedication. The organization should establish procedures that promote ethical behavior and hold individuals and organizations accountable for their conduct. The organizational accountability can be ‘ensured through appropriate controls and procedures. The organization also should promote merit principles that protect against arbitrary and capricious actions.

5. The public officials should strive for Professional Excellence. They should work hard to strengthen individual capabilities and encourage the professional development of others to upgrade competence. They should accept the responsibility to keep up to date on emerging issues and potential problems.

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ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNMENT

INTRODUCTION

Public administration as an activity which encompasses each and every aspect of human life. The explosion and spread of information and communication technology, the wide acceptance of democratic form of government and changing social norms enable the people to demand higher standards of ethics, transparency and accountability in the public sector. Ethical public service is considered as a prerequisite of well functioning democracy. Ethical, transparent and accountable public sector is also a precondition of good governance that ensures sustainable development and responsive public policy. It also helps to improve the performance of public sector by preventing systemic corruption.

The effectiveness of public administration depends on the understanding and cooperation between the citizens and public servants. The primary concern of the citizens in a good civil society is that their government must be fair and good. For a Government to be good it is essential that their systems and sub-systems of Governance are efficient, economical, ethical and equitable. In addition the governing process must also be just, reasonable, fair and citizen friendly. For these and other qualities and good governance, the administrative system must also be accountable and responsive, besides promoting transparency and people's participation.

There is a great deal of alienation between the people and the public service which undermines the legitimacy, effectiveness and credibility of public administration. To bridge this gap it is necessary to create confidence in the minds of the people towards the competence, fairness, honesty, impartiality and sincerity of the public services.

The manipulation and lack of ethics in administration not only reduces the effectiveness but also has several negative effects for the society as a whole. It leads to poor administration and mismanagement of human and material resources. Several rules, regulations and laws exist to ensure impartiality, honesty and devotion among the public servants. But still there remain a vast area of administrative activity which cannot be controlled by formal laws, procedures and methods. 'In such cases administrators are accountable only to their own conscience, their own sense of duty towards the social welfare. Along with that there is also a need to have an "ethics infrastructure" that not only provides guidance for good conduct but also administratively and legally punishes misconduct. The "ethics infrastructure" includes measures to enhance and preserve organizational integrity, access to information that promotes transparency and accountability and prevents misuse of power by public personnel. Decision-making by administrators must be based on fairness, transparency and accountability and a sense of the public interest, as well as the careful exercise of the legal authorities delegated by Parliament.

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Evaluation of Good Governance

Good governance is thus a vague normative formulation which is very difficult to practice in its original form. The criticisms of the good governance can be summed up in the following points:

•         It draws very ideal picture of harmonious functioning of various stakeholders like State, Private Sector and civil society organizations like NGOs. In reality their relationship is complicated and guided by their struggle for supremacy in their respective spheres which hampers the process of governance and divert the resources in wrong directions.

•         Good governance advocates increasing participation of private bodies in the issues of governance. However practice shows that accountability for an activity which has been contracted out, and maintenance of ethical standards in private sector is problematic to maintain.

•         It seems that the concept tried to re invent the old politics administration dichotomy of the Wilsonian age which is nothing but a neo-liberal agenda to legitimize the profit making agenda of capitalist economies from the first world.

•         Good governance attempt to impose western notion of democracy and governance over the Third World. It neglects indigenous striders of governance alternative paradigms of developments.

•         To belittle the importance of public agencies in the Third World may prove disastrous due to the social and political issues (like communalism, castes, racism, ethnic clashes) involved in the community life of the people from these countries.

Check your progress Fill in the Blanks Features of Good Governance are : A. Participation B.......................... C. Transparency D.......................... E. Consensus oriented F.......................... G. Effectiveness and Efficiency H..........................

LET’S SUM UP

To sum up the entire discussion on the public administration in the age of globalization and liberalization we are in the position to say that failures of traditional welfare oriented approach to the governance to solve the major problems of the citizens lead to the rethinking of the role of public administration. In those circumstances Neo liberal theorist found a justification for the free market policy of liberalism. This results in discarding traditional Weberian bureaucratic model of administration and emergence of New Public Administration and Good Governance.

New Public Administration is the synthesis of public ethics and private competence. With the watch words of efficiency, economy and effectiveness NPM becomes synonymous with the Neo Liberal Agenda of development induced growth.

Good Governance altered the administrative fabric of the third world countries with its eight principles to be accountable for the assistance received from the international donor agencies for the developmental purposes.

New Public Administration and Good Governance along with its manifold problems of implementation have now become key words in the vocabulary of public administration after 1980s.

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Features of Good Governance

From the above discussion we can spell out some important features of Good Governance. Good Governance insist on removal of corruption, voices for the minorities, participation of most vulnerable in decision-making and responsive to the present and future needs of society.

Participation

Inequalities and discriminations of various kinds like gender, race, caste, creed, place of birth etc are addressed in the good governance by participation of various stakeholders in governance either through direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. Informed and organized participation is emphasized. It means freedom of association and expression for all to raise their concerns.

Rule of law

Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It entails protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities; impartial enforcement of laws which requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.

Transparency

Transparency suggest three things; firstly, decisions must be taken and enforced in proper legal manner, secondly, the information must be freely available and directly accessible to the affected, and thirdly, complete information in easily understandable forms and media.

Responsiveness

It suggests that governance must be responsive to the concerns of all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.

Consensus oriented

Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This needs sensitivity of the administration to the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community. In political term it is called as political pluralism.

Equity and inclusiveness

Good governance must address the issues concerning justice and equity. None in the society should feel side lined or exploited in the process of development. Growth should be inclusive and equitable.

Mostly the vulnerable and marginalized must share the fruits of the development and must have opportunities to improve and maintain their well being.

Effectiveness and efficiency

It means that developmental needs of the society must be achieved by the optimum utilization of the resources at their disposal. It further suggests sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

Accountability

Accountability is a key of good governance. Both public and private institutions along with civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Transparency and Rule of Law are prerequisites of accountability.

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GOOD GOVERNANCE

Recently the term “good governance” is being increasingly used in development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root cause of all evil within our societies.

Like New Public Management the concept of Good Governance is also the product of the 1980s which emerged out of the synthesis of development administration and the neo liberal restructuring of government. The concept is elusive and value laden. Thus proved to be difficult to define accurately.

Two documents attempted to sketch the outline of the concept. Firstly, the World Bank’s 1989 document on Sub-Saharan Africa, and secondly World Bank’s 1992 document. In its document of 1989 World Bank cleared the concept of Governance with three parameters;

1.      Public Sector Management and Accountability

2.      Legal framework for development

3.      Information and transparency

In the document of 1992 entitled ‘Governance and Development’ the World Bank stated three applications of the concept of governance;

1.      In the form of political regime

2.      The process by which governmental power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources

3.      The capacity of governments to design, formulate and implement policies

It is imperative to understand that present need to reconceptualize the governance is felt out of the compulsion of regulating developmental assistance given by the international financial institutions like World Bank to the Third World countries. The World Bank after its establishment in 1944 in the Breton Woods Conference, is committed to provide developmental assistance to the underdeveloped and developing countries for the purpose of poverty reduction, education, health, empowerment of weaker sections, environmental sustainability etc. Around 1980s the World Bank from its lending experience in many developing countries observed that despite of sound policy design, programmes and projects have failed due to institutional failures in those countries.

World Bank experts identified some of the problems as;

1. Governments in these countries are not determined enough to implement the policies.

2. There is an absence of proper accounting or budgetary system

3. Widespread corruption is prevailing in these countries.

4. General lack of popular participation due to public apathy and misinformation among the people.

In order to overcome these difficulties lending agencies like the World Bank insists on ‘structural adjustment programmers’ for the recipient countries which emphasize on downsizing the bureaucracy, opening up new sectors to the private sector for development and redefining the state role as an ‘enabler’ rather than a ‘provider’. The development aid was linked up with promotion of open, market friendly competitive economical readjustment of the national economies, support for democratization and improvement of human rights records and insistence on the new package called ‘good governance’.

OECD further clarified the expectations of lending countries vis-avis recipient countries under the following heads;

•         Participatory Development

•         Human Rights

•         Democratization

•         Legitimacy of Government

•         Respect of human rights

•         Rule of law

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Evaluation of NPM

In brief NPM advocate the progressive back tracking of government from the micro issues especially removal of political interference in the administration at the execution of the policies. ‘Economic rationality’ and ‘performance’ are the keywords of NPM. NPM attempts to refashion the bureaucracy as a dynamic, resultoriented, efficient, responsive and responsible public servant who is sensitive and aware of public needs, wishes and preferences. In order to achieve its objectives NPM attempts to downsize governments and tries to replace the philosophy of ‘public interest’ with that of the ‘market’ which is criticized by scholars of public administration. Its central concern about optimization of scarce public resources and development of new ways of public/private cooperation receive positive response but its emphasis on the relaxation to the market forces is targeted by many especially in the Third World.

Check your progress 1 Following are the watch words of the New Public management: A........... B........... C........... 2 New Public Management is theoretically rooted in Public Choice Theory and Neo -Taylorism True/False 3 Assumptions of Public Choice Theory are: A............................................................................................ B............................................................................................

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Features of New Public Management:

Some of the salient features of New Public Management are as follows:

•         Public agencies should employ the private sector techniques to provide quality services to citizens with managerial autonomy to the public management.

•         Emphasis should be on performance evaluation indicators to measure actual achievements and the quality of services.

•         Central departments should be relieved from the operational activities which should be shifted to the field agencies. • In order to make use of more expertise and employee creativity working conditions must be made flexible and contractual appointments must be promoted.

•         Public agencies should publicize their results and performance on regular basis.

•         Steps should be taken to create conducive environment for more effective and productive managerial leadership. To achieve this, hierarchical structure of organization should be abandoned. Recruitment and training of personnel should be based on merit and performance. Attractive salary structures and diverse roles should be offered to maintain the moral of the managerial force.

•         Personal accountability and responsibility should be ensured by linking up rewards like pay structures with fulfillment of performance targets.

•         Managerial decisions should reflect cost consciousness.

EXPERIENCE OF NPM

UK

The concept of citizen charter has been introduced to ensure greater citizens satisfaction.

New Zealand

•         Public sector corporations are sold to private sector.

•         Contracts have been entered between the Chief Executives of the Corporations and Ministries to specify the input and output.

•         Autonomy has been granted to public sector organizations.

Canada

•         Public Service has been more open and visible.

•         The link between people and interest group on one hand and government on the other hand is strengthened.

•         Powers are delegated to the public organizations and they have been made accountable for results.

India

Opened up new areas for private sector development, dismantling price controls, deregulation and privatization of loss making public sector enterprises.

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NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

New Public Management is the development of the eighties in last century. It primarily emerged as a critic of traditional approach of Public Administration which was 'Weberian' 'Bureaucratic'. The guiding philosophy of traditional approach is the management of public interest and the separation of politics from administration.

Some of the important principles of the traditional model of administration are:

•         Institutional structure of work

•         Rule orientation

•         Impersonality

•         Neutrality

•         Anonymity

•         Specialization

•         Hierarchy of offices

•         Centralization of command structure

•         Public/private distinction.

•          

The critics of this approach point out that:

• Its organizational design led to rigid hierarchical centralized structures dysfunctional to organizational goals.

• Public agencies became machine-like, rigid and impersonal.

• Effective management of the public sector and efficient production of organizational targets could not be correlated with the so-called universal principals of traditional public administration.

• In real life the bureaucratic mode of organization was not necessarily the most national, efficient or effective model of organizational design.

Thus the major concepts of traditional public administration are now challenged on the fronts of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability, transparency and responsiveness. The modern age with the rapid change in technology and societal demands ask for different paradigm of administration. At this juncture an idea of deploying private sector managerial tactics for the public service gained ground in the 1980s. Citizens are now increasingly viewed as consumers of public goods. Many of the flexible organizational designs and practices pioneered by the corporate sector and business administration are found introduced in the public agencies. Both sectors are now viewed as complementary to each other rather than separate and antagonistic. This new paradigm of public sector management is called as New Public Management with efficiency, economy and effectiveness as its watch words. New Public Management is theoretically rooted in Public Choice Theory and Neo –Taylorism

Public Choice Theory

• Principal exponents of Public Choice Theory are Buchanan and Tullock, Vincent Ostrom, Niskanen.

• Underlying assumptions of PCT are

1. Individuals act rationally with adequate information and ordered preference.

2. Individuals are utility maximizers.

Neo-Taylorism

• It believes that major reasons for the dysfunctionality of the public sector are the high cost of subsidizing the public services and lack of accountability of individual administrators.

• Public organizations are geared to routine and maintenance administration rather than adapt to the dynamics of rapid social change.

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SINCE WORLD WAR II

Since World War II the development was considered a state activity. Due to this the role and function of government had witnessed an unprecedented increase in both developed and developing countries. The reverse trend is observed after 1980s in the developed world. The globalization of neo liberal economic formula as a model of development drive the economies towards a market-driven, private sector led 'development' which emphasized on the rolling back of the state. This shrinking of state affected the size and spending of the public sector. The New Right of Britain and America and the 'structural adjustment' policy of the World Bank directed the process of economical integration of world economy which sparked the wave of economic reforms that swept through the public sector after 1990s.

In the present situation the role of the state vis-a-vis the market is changed. Government and thus State now a days have lost a position of sovereignty which it enjoyed earlier. Increase in global interdependence in terms of international economic and financial relationships, and international institutional collaboration affected the capabilities of the governments to decide exclusively on the national affairs. National economic resources and political decisions have got global overtones. At the same time new issues of governance erupted with unprecedented intensity, like environmental management, ethnic minorities, tribal development, child labor, gender equality, social equality, human rights which increased the pressures over the present day governments.

"Thus the contradictory forces of globalization and liberalization on the one hand and the search of communitarian, egalitarian, ecofriendly, humanistic civilization on the other have thrown up challenging agenda items before public management today."

Check your progress 1.      Since World War II functions of governments have been increased. True/False 2.      Neo liberal economic theory advocate (select odd man out) a. free market b. Development of private sector c. shrinking of state d. State control of market

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LIBERALIZATION

Although such interconnectedness in the present century is unprecedented, it is not historically delinked from the past. Economically, politically ‘and culturally it can be explained as the expansion of western liberalism with all its facets to the rest of the world. The economic theory relates globalization to the model of a free world market without restrictions of competition and mobility, a global mass culture and a world-encompassing information society. This approach shows that the neo-liberal market of domestic economics has simply been shifted to the world market level. Neoliberal market is particularly followed and pushed by western capitalist states. Thus the globalization becomes synonymous to the western-capitalism as against socialist policies which were followed by many Third World countries after their independence from the clutches of colonialism.

Liberalization refers to a relaxation of government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. Economic liberalization is often associated with privatization. Some time it is referred to as deregulation. It is also linked with democratization.

In order to understand the impact of globalization and liberalization on the public administration in general and in the form of New Public Management and Good governance in particular we will now focus on certain key issues which brought transformation in the theory and practice of public administration in the post World War II era.

Check your progress Liberalization refers to (Select odd man out) 1.      Market regulation 2.      Privatization 3.      Deregulation 4.      Democratization

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND LIBERALIZATION

(New Public Management, Good Governance)

OBJECTIVES

Public Administration as a subject of inquiry as well as practice cannot remain isolated from the developments in the real world. As throughout the last century the political, economical, and social changes were engulfing the human life all over the world, these changes also influenced the public administration. Decade of eighties brought fundamental change in the orientation of public administration in the western world. These changes are owing to the wave of globalization. In this unit we are broadly entrusted with the task of understanding the impact of the globalization and liberalization on the public administration. Narrowly we will fulfill following objectives.

• To understand the meaning and dynamics of globalization and liberalization.

• To understand the concept of New Public Management

• To understand the concept of Good Governance.

GLOBALIZATION

Historically human societies across the globe are connected with each other in pursuit of trade, education, art, literature, religion etc. However the pace of their interaction has dramatically increased in the last century owing to the advancement in the technologies like aromatics and communication. Time and space dimensions have shrunk like never before and the world became more interdependent than ever.

Very recent changes in the eighties of the twentieth century are unprecedenting owing to the complexity and speed which characterize them. Along with the improvement in the means of transportations like airplanes, ocean going vessels, development in Information technology, computers, satellite phones have established close links among the societies all over the world. Multinational corporations manufacture products in many countries and sell to consumers around the world. Money, technology and raw materials move more swiftly across national borders. Along with products and finances, ideas and cultures circulate more freely. As a result, laws, economies, and social movements are forming at the international level. These changes with their economical, ideological, political, cultural dimensions are called as globalization.

Globalization means

• “Integrating and connecting cultures and communities in new space-time combinations, and ‘making the world in reality and in experience more interconnected” Hall

• “Globalization is the integration of markets, finance and technologies in a way that is shrinking the world from a size medium to a size small and enabling each of us to reach around the world farther, faster and cheaper than ever before. Like all previous international systems, it is directly or indirectly shaping the domestic politics, economic policies and foreign relations of virtually every country.”

Friedman

Check your progress

1. Globalization implies compression of time and space in terms of communication, information, trade, culture. True/False 2. Globalization is uni-dimensional i.e. only economical True/False

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CONCLUSIONS / LET US SUM UP :

1.      McGregor was an American thinker. He was a management Psychiatrist, who complected M.A. & Ph.D. in Psychology. He worked as a professor in USA.

2.      McGregor wrote two classics, ‘The Human side of the Enterprise & the Professional Manager.’ Besides, he wrote numerous articles.

3.      McGregor wanted to make a research whether Management can be regarded as science besides being an art. He developed ‘X’ Theory & Y theory.

4.      His ‘X’ theory represents traditional approach of management, which believes that average human being dislikes work, responsibility. Hence employees need to be directed & controlled by the managers.

5.      The ‘X’ managers do not give their staff opportunity to develop. This ‘X’ theory resembles ‘carrot stick theory’.

6.      McGregor’s ‘Y’ theory is contradictory, is reformative & is more scientific & empirical. While proposing ‘Y’ theory, McGregor was influenced by Maslow.

7.      According to ‘Y’ Theory, employees like to work. Punishment & control are not tools to make the employees work. If the job is satisfying, the employees are committed to achieve organizational objectives. In proper conditions, employees shoulder responsibility, develop creativity. McGregor names this as innovation.

8.      In his ‘Y’ theory, McGregor suggests integrity & self control to be brought into the organization. This is equally applicable to the managers as well as employees.

9.      McGregor wanted to apply individual Psychology & group sociology to his study of Management.

10.  McGregor makes his Manager understand ‘human side’ as well as ‘professional side’ of managerial skills;

11.  McGregor collaborated his ‘Y’ theory with ‘Scanlon Plan’ of Fredrick Lesiaur.

12.  The ‘Y’ theory of McGregor has apt relevance in today’s world of management. His Y theory bridges Line & staff relationship. It might bring improved Line-staff collaboration.

13.  McGregor suggests his professional manager, leadership qualities & transnational concept of power & influence.

14.  In spite of criticism, McGregor will be remembered for his profound knowledge of human nature, human behavior & positive approach in management.

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